While noting that rapid changes are happening in markets, which are increasingly shifting towards a digital platform-centric configuration,Competition Commission chief Ashok Kumar Gupta also pointed out that these platform markets are by their very nature “winner-takes-all or winner-takes-most”.

“Network effects, access to large amounts of data, economies of scale and scope, induced behavioural biases among consumers etc., in digital markets, may heighten market concentration and result in the creation of impermeable entry barriers,” Gupta said.