Annual economic growth slowed to 4.5% in the July-September quarter, the weakest pace since 2013, blamed on weakening demand and private investment, putting pressure on Prime Minister Narendra Modi to speed up reforms as five rate cuts have failed to help. The financial year ends in March.

More unpredictable weather — including more frequent droughts and heatwaves — can threaten harvests and food security, especially in developing nations such as India, climate scientists say.